Copper oxide nanoparticles doped with 3 %, 5 %, and 7 % cobalt have been prepared via the green method using Annona muricata leaf extract to find their antimicrobial, antioxidant and photocatalytic activities. The synthesized nanoparticles was analysed by XRD, FTIR, XPS, EDX, SAED, HRTEM, SEM and UV–Visible techniques. XRD pattern indicate all nanoparticles had single-phase monoclinic structure. Functional groups present in the samples were confirmed by FTIR analysis. The incorporation of Co²⁺ ions into CuO lattice were identified by XPS analysis. Morphological changes of nanoparticles were confirmed by SEM and HRTEM micrograph. Chemical composition of elements were confirmed by EDX spectra.

Antimicrobial efficiency of pure and cobalt doped CuO nanoparticles was identified by their zone of inhibition of bacterial and antifungal strains. Moreover, the green synthesized CuO nanoparticles have considerable antioxidant action. Further, the photocatalytic performance of pure and cobalt doped CuO nanoparticles was done by the degradation of methylene blue.Different encapsulation strategies for cargo loading as well as their advantages and drawbacks have been critically reviewed. This study emphasized the importance of the construction of compartmentalized delivery systems through the usage of ferritin nanocages, which exhibit great potential for facilitating the synergistic functionality of different types of cargos. Lastly, the applications of ferritin nanocages for physicochemical improvements and functionality achievements of loaded cargos are summarized. In conclusion, ferritin protein nanocages not only are excellent nanocarriers, but also can act as“multi-seated” vehicles for co-encapsulation and compartmentalized encapsulation of different cargos simultaneously.

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Journal of Nano Research & Applications