Description

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that occurs due to insulin resistance in target tissues in response to β-cell dysfunction. Deficiency of insulin secretion from β-cells and insulin resistance in target tissues are the two major causes of type 2 diabetes. Around the world, the prevalence of diabetes is increasing with a high magnitude, both in developed and developing countries. As per the WHO report, the number of patients to be affected is estimated to reach 366 million by the year 2030. From the total number of diabetic patients, 95% are afflicted with type 2 diabetes. The treatment of diabetes can be broadly divided into two: conventional and alternative medicine.

 Patients receiving conventional medicines significantly improve in conditions like hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and secretion of insulin. However, these conventional medicines cause many side effects. To overcome these side- effects, a vast population around the world is using herbal products for effective treatment of several disorders. Entire systems of naturopathic medicine including the Chinese, Ayurveda, Unani etc. exist for providing herbal remedies. In this chapter, we try to summarize the different alternative medicines and their effect on diabetes. The end cannabinoid system (ECS) has emerged as one of the most relevant regulators of energy balance. The pancreas is a centralized organ vital for whole body metabolic control. Recent advances in the field of metabolism have reinforced its importance for orchestrating endocrine hormone secretion in response to several nutrients including glucose, lipids and amino acids, in addition to hormones and inflammatory signals. Cell types within the pancreas, in particular the insulin-producing β cells, control nutrient breakdown and energy production and are essential to maintain not only efficient hormone secretion, but also cell integrity, survival, and the ability to sense and adapt to changing metabolic environments. The present review highlights recent research advances on how glucolipotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and systemic inflammation affects pancreatic metabolism, and how new technologies and more advanced research models are improving our ability to study this organ system. Taken together, careful characterization and understanding of the importance of nutrient metabolism within this important, yet complex organ, will help us to better understand pathologies intimately associated with the pancreas and possibly discover new and more effective therapeutic strategies.

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With regards
Michel
Journal Coordinator
Journal of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility