Hormone Receptors and How Hormones Effects in Human

A hormone receptor is a receptor molecule that binds to a specific hormone. Hormone receptors are a wide family of proteins made up of receptors for thyroid and steroid hormones, retinoid and Vitamin D and a variety of other receptors for various ligands, such as fatty acids and prostaglandins.

Most hormones initiate a cellular response by initially binding to either cell membrane associated or intracellular receptors. A cell may have several different receptor types that recognize the same hormone but activate different signal transduction pathways or a cell may have several different receptors that recognize different hormones and activate the same biochemical pathway. Receptors for most peptide as well as many eicosanoid hormones are embedded in the plasma membrane at the surface of the cell and the majority of these receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) class of seven alpha helix transmembrane proteins. The interaction of hormone and receptor typically triggers a cascade of secondary effects within the cytoplasm of the cell, described as signal transduction, often involving phosphorylation or dephosphorylating of various other cytoplasmic proteins, changes in ion channel permeability or increased concentrations of intracellular molecules that may act as secondary messengers (e.g., cyclic AMP).

Some protein hormones also interact with intracellular receptors located in the cytoplasm or nucleus by an intracranial mechanism. Hormonal therapy and hormone receptors play a very large part in breast cancer treatment (therapy is not limited to only breast cancer). By influencing the hormones, the cells' growth can be changed along with its function. These hormones can cause cancer to not survive in the human body.

For steroid or thyroid hormones, their receptors are located inside the cell within the cytoplasm of the target cell. These receptors belong to the nuclear receptor family of ligand-activated transcription factors. To bind their receptors, these hormones must first cross the cell membrane. They can do because they are lipid-soluble. The combined hormone receptor complex then moves across the nuclear membrane into the nucleus of the cell, where it binds to specific DNA sequences, regulating the expression of certain genes, and thereby increasing the levels of the proteins encoded by these genes. However, it has been shown that not all steroid receptors are located inside the cell. Some are associated with the plasma membrane.

Effects in Human

Hormones have the following effects on the body:

• Stimulation or inhibition of growth.
• wake-sleep cycle and other circadian rhythms
• Mood swings.
• Induction or suppression of apoptosis (programmed cell death).
• Activation or inhibition of the immune system.
• Regulation of metabolism.
• Preparation of the body for mating, fighting, fleeing, and other activity.
• Preparation of the body for a new phase of life, such as puberty, parenting, and menopause.
• Control of the reproductive cycle.
• hunger cravings

A hormone may also regulate the production and release of other hormones. Hormone signals control the internal environment of the body through homeostasis.

Endocrinology and Metabolism: Open Access is a peer reviewed journal which focuses on the publication of current research and developments on the endocrine glands and its secretions with their coordination with metabolism and reproduction.

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