The molecular interactions between inorganic NPs and DNA were then discussed in relation to their anticancer and antibacterial properties. As a final point, we discussed challenges and future perspectives to put forward the possible applications of the field. In conclusion, the interaction between NPs and DNA needs to be studied more deeply in order to develop potential NP-based anticancer and antibacterial platforms for future clinical applications. Vaccination is the most effective tool available for fighting the spread of COVID-19. Recently, emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 have led to growing concerns about increased transmissibility and decreased vaccine effectiveness. Currently, many vaccines are approved for emergency use and more are under development. This review highlights the ongoing advances in the design and development of different nano-based vaccine platforms.

The challenges, limitations, and ethical consideration imposed by these nanocarriers are also discussed. Further, the effectiveness of the leading vaccine candidates against all SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern are highlighted. The review also focuses on the possibility of using an alternative non-invasive routes of vaccine administration using micro and nanotechnologies to enhance vaccination compliance and coverage. The development of novel and effective metal‐free catalytic systems, which can drive value‐added organic transformations in environmentally benign solvents (for instance, water), is highly desirable. Moreover, these new catalysts need to be harmless, easy‐to‐prepare, and potentially recyclable. In this context, amine‐rich carbon dots (CDs) have recently emerged as promising nano‐catalytic platforms. These nitrogen‐doped nanoparticles, which show dimensions smaller than 10 nm, generally consist of carbon cores that are surrounded by shells containing numerous amino groups.

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Jenny
Journal Co-ordinator
Journal of Nano Research & Applications