Description:

Environmental factors of relevance to geothermal energy systems are covered. These include reductions in greenhouse gas emissions achievable with such systems. From an environmental perspective, preserving natural habitats in the ground by avoiding drastic changes in temperature and moisture content is an important subject especially when discussing the installation of ground heat exchangers at various depths in the ground. Geothermal system installation can incur environmental benefits and impacts, so both are discussed. The “thermal pollution” released from ground-source heat pump systems to the ground and potentially sensitive ecosystems is described. The chapter includes material that can guide regulatory agencies and industry towards designs and installations that improve and even maximize their sustainability and reduce or minimize possible environmental impacts.

Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory, multifactorial diseases where the major triggering factors for disease onset are bacteria and their toxins, but the major part of tissue destruction occurs as a result of host response towards the periodontal microbiome. Periodontal microbiome consists of a wide range of microorganisms including obligate and facultative anaerobes. In health, there is a dynamic balance between the host, environment, and the microbiome. Environmental factors, mainly tobacco smoking and psychological stress, disrupt the symbiotic relationship. Tobacco smoke and its components alter the bacterial surface and functions such as growth. Psychological stressors and stress hormones may affect the outcome of an infection by changing the virulence factors and/or host response. This review aims to provide currently available data on the effects of the major environmental factors on the periodontal microbiome.

This chapter discusses the involvement of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides in response to different types of stress. Environmental factors that affect plant growth include light, temperature, water, humidity, and nutrition. Cultured plant cells have in the main been utilized for detailed investigations on the metabolic role of nutrients. Inorganic Phosphate (Pi) has been shown to participate in many metabolic processes that affect plant cell growth and development. Overall changes in cellular metabolism have been observed as a result of Pi starvation. The effects of Pi availability on the de novo and salvage synthesis of nucleotides have been investigated. The effect of long-term Pi starvation of up to three weeks on the levels of purine nucleotides and related compounds has been examined using suspension-cultured C. roseus cells. Two millimetre apical segments of maize primary roots were analysed in relation to the effects of light and gravity on adenine nucleotide content.

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Journal Coordinator
Global Journal of Research and Review