Causes of secondary oxalate nephropathy include enteric dysfunction and excessive intake of oxalate or oxalate precursors. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a dramatic rise in sales of supplements and vitamin C, during which time we observed an apparent increase in the proportion of ingestion-associated oxalate nephropathy. Cis-o-hydroxycinnamic acid lactones, referred to as natural coumarin, have a basic skeleton of benzopyranone in their structure. The natural coumarins are typically found abundantly in roots, rhizomes, bark, and leaves of the plant belonging to the families of Apiaceae, Rutaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Oleaceae, and Thymelaeaceae. A few familiar food sources containing coumarin include citrus fruits, carrots, apricot, cherries, strawberries, cinnamon, parsnip, and fennels. Coumarins are attracting much attention and are becoming a tremendously appealing topic because of their potent pharmacological actions modulating through various signaling mechanisms.

There have been extensive studies on the immunological mechanism of primary membranous nephropathy (PMN). Autoantibodies, being the end product of humoral auto-immunity, matter much in diagnosis, therapy and prediction. Although PMN has been thought of as oligoinflammatory glomerulopathy, autoimmune diseases usually involve inflammation and it may be long-lasting. Cytokines are key mediators and effector molecules of inflammatory and humoral immune responses. Their function and network are helpful to understand the immune mechanism of PMN, but there is a lack of systematic summary. Accordingly, this review explores the advance of cytokines in PMN, and clarifies whether inflammation involves in the pathological process of PMN, based on which certain cytokines are proposed as potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets, and the importance of updating existing therapy regimens is highlighted.

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Sofia
Journal Co-ordinator
Insights in Blood Pressure