Description:

CRISPR-Cas and prokaryotic Argonaute (pAgo) are nucleic acid (NA)-guided defence systems that protect prokaryotes against the invasion of mobile genetic elements. Previous studies established that they are directed by NA fragments (guides) to recognize invading complementary NA (targets) and those they cleave the targets to silence the invaders. Nevertheless, growing evidence indicates that many CRISPR-Cas and pAgo systems exploit the abortive infection (Abi) strategy to confer immunity. The CRISPR-Cas and pAgo Abi systems typically sense invaders using the NA recognition ability and activate various toxic effectors to kill the infected cells to prevent the invaders from spreading. This review summarizes the diverse mechanisms of these CRISPR-Cas and pAgo systems, and highlights their critical roles in the arms race between microbes and invaders. Since its discovery as a genome editing tool, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) systems has opened new horizons in the diagnosis, research, and treatment of genetic diseases. CRISPR/Cas9 can rewrite the genome at any region with outstanding precision to modify it and further instructions for gene expression. Inborn Errors of Metabolism (IEM) are a group of more than 1500 diseases produced by mutations in genes encoding for proteins that participate in metabolic pathways. IEM involves small molecules, energetic deficits, or complex molecules diseases, which may be susceptible to be treated with this novel tool. In recent years, potential therapeutic approaches have been attempted, and new models have been developed using CRISPR/Cas9. In this review, we summarize the most relevant findings in the scientific literature about the implementation of CRISPR/Cas9 in IEM and discuss the future use of CRISPR/Cas9 to modify epigenetic markers, which seem to play a critical role in the context of IEM. The current delivery strategies of CRISPR/Cas9 are also discussed.

Genome editing has a long history that dates back to the 1970s with the introduction of recombinant DNA technology; fast forward three decades, the advent of Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFN) and Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nuclease (TALEN) during the early 2000s marked the beginning of site-specific genome editing, and at the forefront is Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-associated protein (CRISPR)/Cas9 discovered in 2012. CRISPR technology has experienced unprecedented growth as a tool in both pure and applied research. Gene/genome editing has been a pivotal tool for plant biologists for the functional analysis of genes and their characterization, and for plant breeders for creating variability and improving adapted cultivars. CRISPR/Cas9, with its simplicity, efficiency, inexpensiveness and elegant way of genomic editing, offers a wide possibility to plant breeders for crop improvement. This review highlights the past accomplishment, current research and future prospects of CRISPR technology in crop improvement. Furthermore, this review summarizes how CRISPR technology is applied in different scopes of plant breeding for producing improved crops, along with a brief overview of the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) mediated-genome editing has evolved into a powerful tool that is widely used in plant species to induce editing in the genome for analysing gene function and crop improvement. CRISPR/Cas9 is an RNA-guided genome editing tool consisting of a Cas9 nuclease and a single-guide RNA (sgRNA). The CRISPR/Cas9 system enables more accurate and efficient genome editing in crops. In this review, we summarized the advances of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology in plant genome editing and its applications in forage crops. We described briefly about the development of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in plant genome editing. We assessed the progress of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted-mutagenesis in various forage crops, including alfalfa, Medicago truncatula, Hordeum vulgare, Sorghum bicolor, Setaria italica and Panicum virgatum.

With Regards

Ethan
Journal Coordinator
Global Journal of Research and Review