Immunotherapy has achieved remarkable research outcomes and shows the potential to cure cancer. However, its therapeutic response is limited in terms of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment induced by hypoxia, in which the adenosinergic A2A receptor (A2AR) pathway is mainly participated. Here, we developed a novel core/shell structured nanoplatform composed of macrophage membrane-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles which loaded catalase, doxorubicin (Dox), and resiquimod (R848), to promote the efficacy of immunotherapy. The nanoplatform is able to actively target the tumor site via ligand binding, and the A2AR of T regulatory (Treg) cells can further be blocked due to in situ oxygen production by hydrogen peroxide catalysis. Meanwhile, Dox and R848 released from the nanoplatform can induce immunogenic cell death and enhance the activation of dendritic cells (DCs), respectively. Thus, the improved microenvironment by A2AR blockade and the stimulation of the DCs to enhance the CD8+ T cells mediated immune response were achieved. Consequently, the expression of Treg cells decreased to 9.79% in tumor tissue and the inhibition rate of tumor growth reached 73.58%. Therefore, this nanoplatform provides a potential strategy for clinical application in cancer immunotherapy.

Wound treatment especially of coping with chronic wounds is a global health issue that challenges medical care and financial strength of every nation. In recent years, gas therapy emerges as a facile yet promising modality for wound healing given that gas signaling molecules (GSMs) participate in various physiological processes such as angiogenesis. In this review, we survey the recent advancements in the tailoring design and fabrication of GSM-releasing nanoplatforms for wound repair according to the specific wound microenvironment. We carefully analyze the different synthetic strategies for the preparation of nanoplatforms in terms of the different gas sources or donor types. Both single gas therapy (GT) and GT-based combined therapies are examined in this review thoroughly. Besides, given the synergetic effects of different GSMs in vivo, nanoplatforms capable of unleashing multiple gas molecules from a single vector are also included in this review. At the end, future outlooks and upcoming challenges of this promising treatment for wound closure are discussed.

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Jenny
Journal Co-ordinator
Journal of Nano Research & Applications