Although nano-immunotherapy has advanced dramatically in recent times, there remain two significant hurdles related to immune systems in cancer treatment, such as (namely) inevitable immune elimination of nanoplatforms and severely immunosuppressive microenvironment with low immunogenicity, hampering the performance of nanomedicines. To address these issues, several immune-regulating camouflaged nanocomposites have emerged as prevailing strategies due to their unique characteristics and specific functionalities. In this review, we emphasize the composition, performances, and mechanisms of various immune-regulating camouflaged nanoplatforms, including polymer-coated, cell membrane-camouflaged, and exosome-based nanoplatforms to evade the immune clearance of nanoplatforms or upregulate the immune function against the tumor. Further, we discuss the applications of these immune-regulating camouflaged nanoplatforms in directly boosting cancer immunotherapy and some immunogenic cell death-inducing immunotherapeutic modalities, such as chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, and reactive oxygen species-mediated immunotherapies, highlighting the current progress and recent advancements. Finally, we conclude the article with interesting perspectives, suggesting future tendencies of these innovative camouflaged constructs towards their translation pipeline.

The traditional treatment of atherosclerosis (AS) is mainly focused on lipid-lowering therapy, through oral statins to reduce blood lipid levels and control the progress of AS. However, current oral drug therapy has suffered from poor targeting and single efficacy. Here, a pH-responsive magnetic nanoplatforms (MMNS@AT-CS-DS) was developed. The dextran sulfate (DS) was encapsulated on MMNS@AT-CS to endow the nanoplatforms with the property of targeting atherosclerotic plaques. In vitro and in vivo results showed that MMNS@AT-CS-DS could target lesion areas and release statins to slow the progression of AS due to the magnetocaloric effect under alternating magnetic field (AMF) and dissolution of chitosan (CS) in the AS induced low pH environment. More importantly, its magneto-thermal responsiveness could induce protective autophagy to treat AS synergistically. In addition, the magnetic nanoplatforms could perform magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of atherosclerotic plaques, which shed new light on the integration of diagnosis and treatment of AS.

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Jenny
Journal Co-ordinator
Journal of Nano Research & Applications