Description

Metabolic pathways employ enzymes that use vitamins as cofactors assisting in their catalytic mechanisms. These vitamins include hydrophobic and hydrophilic organic compounds as well as some metals. Five organic vitamins do not serve as enzyme cofactors. This includes one hydrophilic vitamin, vitamin C, and all four of the hydrophobic vitamins: A, D, E, and K. Vitamin deficiencies and toxicities often lead to identifiable clinical outcomes. This article covers the major aspects of vitamins. Vitamin C is an important nutrient implicated in different physiological functions in humans. Despite its important biological functions, therapeutic applications of vitamin C are rare and its use is further impacted by low chemical stability. Several Nano-encapsulation techniques have been described in the literature and yet, there are only a handful of clinical investigations dedicated to unlocking the therapeutic applications of Nano-encapsulated vitamin C.

Clearly, further investigations are warranted in order to affirm the promising clinical potential of Nano-encapsulated vitamin C. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of vitamin C activity as a modulator of crucial therapeutic uses in biological systems. We look at key factors affecting the chemical stability of vitamin C alone and in Nano-encapsulated and explore pre-clinical and clinical evidence on current vitamin C Nano-formulations along with their therapeutic applications. Finally, we critically appraise the gaps and opportunities prevailing in Nano-vitamin C research and its potential translation towards relevant clinical outcomes. Growing evidence suggests that vitamin C supplementation may be an effective adjunct therapy in the management of people with diabetes. This paper critically reviews the current evidence on effects of vitamin C supplementation and its potential mechanisms in diabetes management.

 Evidence from meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) show favourable effects of vitamin C on glycaemic control and blood pressure that may be clinically meaningful, and mixed effects on blood lipids and endothelial function. However, evidence is mostly of low evidence certainty. Emerging evidence is promising for effects of vitamin C supplementation on some diabetes complications, particularly diabetic foot ulcers. However, there is a notable lack of robust and well-designed studies exploring effects of vitamin C as a single compound supplement on diabetes prevention and patient-important outcomes (i.e. prevention and amelioration of diabetes complications). RCTs are also required to investigate potential preventative or ameliorative effects of vitamin C on gestational diabetes outcomes. Oral vitamin C doses of 500–1000 mg per day are potentially effective, safe, and affordable for many individuals with diabetes. However, personalisation of supplementation regimens that consider factors such as vitamin C status, disease status, current glycaemic control, vitamin C intake, redox status, and genotype is important to optimize vitamin C’s therapeutic effects safely. Finally, given a high prevalence of vitamin C deficiency in patients with complications, it is recommended that plasma vitamin C concentration be measured and monitored in the clinic setting.

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With Regards

Lucas
Journal Coordinator
Global Journal of Research and Review