COVID-19 PATHOGENESIS
A novel coronavirus caused a series of acute respiratory diseases in Wuhan, China. The disease caused by this virus was termed COVID-19 later. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread at unprecedented speed all over the world. The first outbreak of COVID-19 was in Wuhan, China, where Chinese anesthesiologists had to encounter increasing numbers of infected patients since December 2019. The first case of COVID-19 was reported in early December 2019 in and it was called as pneumonia. Approximately 15 to 20% of patients with COVID-19 required some form of oxygen therapy and ventilati... Read More
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Liver cirrhosis is increasingly becoming the major cause of global health burden. It originates through a dynamic process of liver fibrogenesis and fibrosis. Excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix comprising collagen, glycoproteins and other components alter the organization of liver lobule into fibrotic histology. Fibrogensis deprive the hepatocytes from oxygen and nutrients supply leading to necrosis which impedes the metabolic exchange between blood and liver cells.
Fibrogenesis initiated as a response to liver injury is an integrated process involving complex molecular... 
It has been indicated that cyclic electron flow (CEF) around photosystem I (PSI) plays an important role in photosynthesis and photoprotection in plants, especially under environmental stresses. Generally, environmental stresses inhibit the Calvin cycle and subsequently increase the risk of photoinhibition of PSI and photosystem II (PSII). Mutation of genes encoding proteins involved in CEF increased PSII (or/and PSI) photinhibition on condition of excess light energy. In plants, CEF generates proton gradient across thylakoid membrane (pH) controls electron transfer from PSII to PSI and ... 
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Plant karyotypes display a great diversity in chromosome number and morphology, as well as DNA amount and composition. Chromosomal evolution, one of the driving forces underlaying diversification and speciation in plants, is usually complex and employs various mechanisms. Although chromosome number and karyotype structure are still the most frequently recorded cytological characters, last decades have brought a range of new tools that allow for better insights into chromosomal and genome evolution in plants. The massively parallel sequencing technology (next-generation sequencing, NGS) has ... 
Arrhythmia, also known as cardiac arrhythmia or heart arrhythmia, is a group of conditions in which the 
Heart failure (HF), also known as congestive heart failure (CHF) and congestive cardiac failure (CCF), is when the 
Our knowledge regarding pathogen recognition by innate immune receptors and their role in immunity and pathogenesis has grown exponentially over the past decade. The importance of this topic has been confirmed by the awarding of the Nobel Prize to the discoverers of the Toll-like receptors and dendritic cells. The set of articles proposed for this "Snapshot" of the current field will examine the role of these pattern recognition receptors in induction of innate and acquired protective immunity toward pathogens and their role in both the pathology seen with diseases as well as micr... 
Research into human development depends on the use of animal model systems which share many of the same developmental pathways as Homo sapiens. Two species of clawed frog, Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis, have become pillars of modern biological research and are extensively used for developmental biology, cell biology, genetics, physiology, biochemistry, toxicology, and small molecule screens.
Historically, Xenopus laevis has been used due to its numerous experimental advantages, including short generation time, large clutch sizes, robust and manipulable embryos, and low cos... 
Myocarditis, also known as inflammatory cardiomyopathy, is inflammation of the heart muscle.
Symptoms can include shortness of breath, chest pain, decreased ability to exercise, and an irregular heartbeat. The duration of problems can vary from hours to months. Complications may include heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy or cardiac arrest.
Myocarditis is most often due to a viral infection.
Causes include bacterial infections, certain medications, toxins, and autoimmune disorders. A diagnosis may be supported by an ele... 
Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium. It usually involves the heart valves. Other structures that may be involved include the interventricular septum, the chordae tendineae, the mural endocardium, or the surfaces of intracardiac devices. Endocarditis is characterized by lesions, known as vegetations, which is a mass of platelets, fibrin, microcolonies of microorganisms, and scant inflammatory cells In the subacute form of infective endocarditis, the vegetation may also include a center of granulomatous tissue, which may fibrose or calcify.
... 
Last year we edited a Frontiers Research Topic on “An update on neurocognitive impairment in schizophrenia and depression”. We are now following-up this initiative with a new invitation, focusing on “Cognition and neuroimaging in schizophrenia”, thus narrowing the focus on schizophrenia, but expanding the focus to functional and structural neuroimaging to reveal the underlying neuronal architecture behind cognitive impairments. A second focus is closing in on auditory hallucinations and "hearing voices" in the general population by non-psychotic individuals... 
Schizophrenia is a complex disorder involving dysregulation of multiple pathways in its pathophysiology. Dopaminergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmitter systems are affected in schizophrenia and interactions between these receptors contribute to the pathophysiology of the disease. Deficits in acetylcholine muscarinic receptors have been identified in a sub-group of individuals with schizophrenia. Inflammation has also been found to play a major role in the development and exacerbation of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. Additionally, evidence from genetic, post-mortem and ani... 
Echocardiography has become routinely used in the diagnosis, management, and follow-up of patients with any suspected or known heart diseases. It is one of the most widely used diagnostic tests in cardiology. It can provide a wealth of helpful information, including the size and shape of the heart (internal chamber size quantification), pumping capacity, and the location and extent of any tissue damage. An echocardiogram can also give physicians other estimates of heart function, such as a calculation of the cardiac output, ejection fraction, and diastolic function (how well the heart relax... 
Cardiac electrophysiology is the science of elucidating, diagnosing, and treating the electrical activities of the heart. The term is usually used to describe studies of such phenomena by invasive (intracardiac) catheter recording of spontaneous activity as well as of cardiac responses to programmed electrical stimulation (PES). These studies are performed to assess complex arrhythmias, elucidate symptoms, evaluate abnormal electrocardiograms, assess risk of developing arrhythmias in the future, and design treatment. These procedures increasingly include therapeutic methods (typically radio... 
The Influence of Carbohydrate in Foods and Beverages for Infants and Adults
When looking back the human history for 7 million years, foods have been mostly the meat and bones of the animals. Their elements were proteins and lipids, and carbohydrate intake was rare. The fight against hunger lasted for long and blood glucose level had been maintained low. During hunting and life-threatening stress, it was necessary to raise blood glucose, but opportunity to lower blood glucose was rare. However, 10,000 years ago, grain cultivation began and spread, and then the pop... 
Promotion of Health and Reproductive Medicine Related to Women
Journal of Women’s Health and Reproductive Medicine is an internationally peer-reviewed open access journal. The vision of the journal is to explore clinical, medical, social and economic aspects of female reproductive health and medication worldwide. Journal will publish high-quality research papers, as well as reviews, book reviews and short technical notes to help in progress of all the scientific field mentioned above.
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Ruptured sinus of Valsalva (RSOV) a rare but well recognized entity commonly presents in young male with signs of heart failure. In this article, we report two patients of large RSOVs, who were treated through a percutaneous route with the duct occluder device (16/14) despite of being unusually large. Earlier such patients were treated surgically but with recent advancement of interventional cardiology more number of the patients can be treated percutaneously but only after suitable case selection, assessment of anatomy using transthoracic, transesophageal echocardiography and catheterizati... 
Mitral regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is defined as an abnormal reversal of blood flow from the left ventricle (LV) to the left atrium (LA). It is caused by disruption in any part of the mitral valve (MV) apparatus. The most common etiologies of MR include MV prolapse (MVP), rheumatic heart disease, infective endocarditis, annular calcification, cardiomyopathy, and ischemic heart disease. See the video below.
Treatment of mitral valve regurgitation depends on how severe your condition is, whether it's getting worse and wheth... 
Mitral regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is defined as an abnormal reversal of blood flow from the left ventricle (LV) to the left atrium (LA). It is caused by disruption in any part of the mitral valve (MV) apparatus. The most common etiologies of MR include MV prolapse (MVP), rheumatic heart disease, infective endocarditis, annular calcification, cardiomyopathy, and ischemic heart disease. See the video below.
Treatment of mitral valve regurgitation depends on how severe your condition is, whether it's getting worse and whether you have sympt... 
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The recently identified RNA modification system has been demonstrated to play important roles in human cancer, immune diseases and mental disorders. The general functions and roles of m6A modification, such as N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and N1-methyladenosine (m1A), have been well described in the past decades, including m6A machines (writer, eraser, and reader genes) and systems, the role of m6A on splicing, RNA exporting, RNA stability, protein translate and specific abnormalities in individual cancers. However, the pan-cancer and cancer-specific m6A variation and characteristics are still ... 
A place for both Medical Toxicology and Clinical Forensic Medicine
Journal of 
An insight into Medical Toxicology and Clinical Forensic Medicine
Journal of 
Extracellular Matrix (ECM) based bio scaffolds has increasingly emerged in tissue engineering application because it contains structural, biochemical, and biomechanical cues that have dramatic effects upon cell behaviors. Therefore, the aim of this study is to prepare aortic scaffolds based on ECM by sonication decellularization system with biomechanically and structurally preserve compared to native aortic tissues. Aortic tissues are sonicated at 170 kHz of ultrasound frequency in 0.1% and 2% SDS for 10 h. The effectiveness of sonication decellularization system to remove the cells is dete... 
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) were discovered a long time ago but our knowledge about their etiopathogenesis are still limited. These disorders can affect many pregnant women all over the world putting them, their families and their countries under significant health burden. The main goal of all research efforts regarding treatment of HDP is how to prevent highly morbid complications and mortality of HDP that may affect both mother and fetus. Delivery is the main line of treatment for severe cases but we have to put in our mind risk of prematurity as a possible outcome in case o... 
Reversion-Inducing Cysteine-Rich Protein With Kazal Motifs (RECK) In Angiogenesis
Reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK) may play a role in tumor angiogenesis. 
Heart Failure: Metabolism, Epigenetics, and Causal Inference
Heart failure is a ruinous destination for many afflicted with cardiovascular disease and is not a single condition or single set of diagnostic criteria; instead, it manifests through an intricate series of molecular and systemic malfunctions ranging from the sub-organelle level to the multiple organ systems of the body. Regardless of the etiology, humans with, and animal models of, heart failure are characterized by abnormal metabolism and gene expression, some aspects of which are compensatory response... 
Dynamic host-virus interactions determine the outcomes of virus infection, clinical sequelae and prophylactic or therapeutic responses. Host genetic variants in genes involved in viral life cycle and defences against infection affect the fate of viral exposures. Host proviral and antiviral factors have been identified for many medically important viruses, but the role of host genetics for most viruses remains elusive or unexplored. The highly variable outcomes of viral infections are likely attributable to complex interactions between the host and pathogen genetic variation. The identificat... 
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Development of Forensic Science
The word forensic comes from the Latin term forēnsis, meaning "of or before the forum". The history of the term originates from Roman times, during which a criminal charge meant presenting the case before a group of public individuals in the forum. Both the person accused of the crime and the accuser would give speeches based on their sides of the story. The case would be decided in favor of the individual with the best argument and delivery. This origin is the source of the two modern usages of the word forensic—as... 
Criminal Investigation – Forensic Science
Criminal investigation is an applied science that involves the study of facts that are then used to inform criminal trials. A complete criminal investigation can include searching, interviews, interrogations, evidence collection and preservation, and various methods of investigation. Modern-day criminal investigations commonly employ many modern scientific techniques known collectively as forensic science.
Criminal investigation is an ancient science that may have roots as far back as c. 1700 BCE in the wri... 
Explore Advancements in Toxicology and Forensic Medicine
Toxicology and Forensic Medicine
Past and current genetic forms of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) provide clues as to how the virus has evolved. HIV-1 acquires mutations over time and the virus can also recombine when undergoing replication. Recombination between different HIV-1 subtypes can produce mosaic viral strains which, when causing epidemic spread, are called circulating recombining forms (CRFs). Mutation and recombination lead to genetic diversification onto which evolutionary selection pressures are exerted by effects on the viral replication, transmission, pathogenesis and the immune response. A... 
Metabolic acidosis is a serious electrolyte disorder characterized by an imbalance in the body’s acid-base balance. Metabolic acidosis has three main root causes: increased acid production, loss of bicarbonate, and a reduced ability of the kidneys to excrete excess acids.Metabolic acidosis can lead to acidemia, which is defined as an arterial blood pH lower than 7.37, which itself is a result of acidosis - the process in the body that causes a low pH in blood and tissues.Acidemia and acidosis are not mutually exclusive – pH and hydrogen ion concentrations also d... 
Dental Care &nb... 
Metabolism is the set of 
This Research Topic on “Stem Cell Genetic Fidelity” has the goal of steeping a diverse range of research perspectives to a first comprehensive synthesis of thought on the questions of how tissue stem cells manage gene mutation rate and the significance of that management in mammalian evolution and biology, in particular as it relates to tissue cell renewal, carcinogenesis, and aging. The primary focus will be determinants of mutation rate in distributed stem cells (DSCs), which encompass all naturally occurring stem cells at all stages of mammalian development. In particular, co... 
In recent years, new knowledge on molecular genetics and the rapid evolution of sequencing and genotyping technology has renewed the interest on genetic prediction. It should be recalled, however, that Mendel gave the basic model to predict traits determined by a single gene in the 19th century. The model was extended to complex traits, affected by several genetic and environmental factors, in the beginning of the 20th century by, among other, Fisher, Haldane and Wright. Since then, the prediction of complex traits has been a traditional field in epidemiology and also in animal a... 
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Bone remodeling (or bone metabolism) is a lifelong process where mature 
The 
Mitochondria are dynamic, communicating and highly regulated organelles under the dual control of nuclear DNA (1500 genes) and their own mitochondrial DNA, a 16.6 kb circular DNA molecule (mtDNA), encoding 22 tRNA, 2 rRNA and 13 subunits of the OXPHOS system. Those unique features are responsible for the complexity of mitochondria biology in health and disease.
In the last decade, the application of next generation sequencing techniques has shed light on several processes governing mitochondrial genetics. This include: dissecting transcription and translation processes, identifyin... 
The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are 
ADVANCED DEVELOPMENTS IN MEDICAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH and APPLICATIONS RELATED to MEDICAL & HEALTH SCIENCES
adipose tissue, body fat, or simply fat is a loose 
Patients of 
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So far, progress of microbial physiology has depended on the use of pure cultures. Study of a microbial strain in pure culture was essential to obtain unambiguous results about metabolism, regulation or cell biology, especially when a genetic system or a complete genome sequence was available. Unfortunately, it is also all but impossible to interpret results from physiological studies in ecological context. Indeed, for many highly interesting model organisms, meaningful definition of an ecological niche has defied decades of intensive study. Advances in next generation DNA and RNA sequencin... 
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sulfur-containing non-essential amino-acid produced as the result of the metabolism of the essential amino-acid methionine. Hcy levels are influenced by several factors, including age, renal function, genetic polymorphisms, dietary habits and lifestyle conditions. Increased plasma level of Hcy is defined as Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy). HHcy has been linked to several pathological conditions; among them cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases are receiving increasing attention by scientific investigations. The aim of this review was to discuss the pathologica... 
Journal of Medical Research & Health Education is an open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide research and applications related to Medical & Health Sciences. The Journal is an academic journal providing an opportunity to researchers and scientist to explore the advanced and latest research developments in the field of health research, education, health development, medical education, human diseases and related academic disciplines.
Journal of Medical Research & Health Education deals with surgery, internal medicine, cardiolog... 
Background:
Arguments have continued for long concerning low carbohydrate diet and calorie restriction (calorie-restricted diet). Authors have reported clinical studies of low carbohydrate diet on ketone bodies, glucose variability and Morbus value so far.
Subjects and methods:
Subjects are 28 patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus, which were 20/8 (M/F) with 48.3 ± 13.9 years old with serum triglyceride more than 250 mg/dL on blood sampling with overnight fasting. They were admitted for 14 days and the protoco... 
Introduction:
Soft drinks are non-alcoholic beverages that contain carbon dioxide, nutritive or non-nutritive sweeteners, natural or synthetic flavours, colours, acidification agents, chemical preservatives and emulsifiers in addition to other various functional agents. Studies in adolescents has revealed that soft drink consumption is too high in adolescents which has been associated with higher risk of becoming overweight and increased risk for diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and some cancers. This study sought to assess the knowledge, practice and perception ... 
On behalf of the Journal of Colorectal Cancer: Open Access, as Editor-in-Chief, it is my distinct honour and privilege to inform you that, it’s been Five long years we have started the Journal, now we are celebrating the 5th Anniversary and we are privileged to welcome Cancer Society to our journal. As Editor-In-Chief it is my great pleasure and honour to welcome you to the Journal of Colorectal Cancer: Open Access.
Targeted Drug Trio Improves Survival in Colorectal Cancer with BRAF Mutations this study builds on a decade of research into the tumor biology of BRAF-mutated co... 
One of the key characteristics of stem cells is their ability to keep the perpetual equilibrium between self-renewal and differentiation. A stem cell divides asymmetrically into another stem cell and a differentiating daughter cell that must successfully transition from multi- to unipotency, in addition to losing the potential for self-renewal. Coordinated transcription factor networks are prominent regulators of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Now it is becoming evident that in conjunction with transcription factors at least three epigenetic elements (chromatin structure, DNA m... 
In recent years, ketogenic diet has been drawing attention in 
Case Report:
A 66-year-old woman presented with impaired consciousness. Her past 
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sulfur-containing non-essential aminoacid produced as the result of the metabolism of the essential amino-acid methionine. Optimal methionine metabolism is vital to a great number of biochemical processes in the body. Hcy is normally metabolized via two biochemical pathways: remethylation, which converts Hcy back to methionine via the folate cycle, which is catalyzed by the enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and the essential cofactor vitamin B12, and trans-sulfuration, which converts Hcy to cysteine (Cys) via cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) and the... 
Introduction:
The living conditions and types of food that a person consumes affect his/her state of health. As the society improves socially and economically, the lifestyles of the people change with respect to their food and eating habits. There is therefore the tendency of people shying away from the homemade foods, which may be nutritionally superior to the consumption of fast foods. With an improvement in the economy, people in the developing countries especially, think they must adopt a more modernized lifestyle which negatively affect their nutritional stat... 
Our aim is to provide the surgeons, refractive surgeons, optometrists, opticians, young researchers, students, industrial delegates and anyone professionally involved in study of 
Our aim is to provide the surgeons, refractive surgeons, optometrists, opticians, young researchers, students, industrial delegates and anyone professionally involved in study of 
On behalf of the Journal of Colorectal Cancer: Open Access, as Editor-in-Chief, it is my distinct honour and privilege to inform you that, it’s been Five long years we have started the Journal, now we are celebrating the 5th Anniversary and we are privileged to welcome Cancer Society to our journal. As Editor-In-Chief it is my great pleasure and honour to welcome you to the Journal of Colorectal Cancer: Open Access.
The Journal of Colorectal Cancer: Open Access aims to disseminate knowledge and promote discussion through the publication of peer-reviewed, high qual... 
Endocrinology and Metabolism: Open Access (
On behalf of the 
Cushing’s disease:
Cushing’s syndrome (CS) is a rare endocrine disorder caused by prolonged exposure to an excessive amount of glucocorticoids. Identifying the cause begins with determining whether hypercortisolism is adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH)-dependent (from the pituitary or ectopic sources) or ACTH-independent (from an adrenal source). Cushing’s disease (CD) is the most common cause of endogenous CS and it represents a rare cause of short stature in children and adolescents. The diagnosis of CS is often challenging because most of the symptom... 
In the present project it was attempted to see the 
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Endocrinology and Metabolism :Open Access
Endocrinology and Metabolism: Open Access is a peer reviewed and open access Journal. The Journal has successfully completed its three volumes and now going to start its fourth volume by the year 2020. On this occasion, we will be pleased to provide huge discount to the authors on Article Processing Charges.
All aspects of Endocrinology and Metabolism are covered by the journal. The scope of the Journal is wide. Some of the topics covered by the Journal are Hormone metabolism, Structure and physiochemical properties, Paediatr...